Adakah engkau disana sepertiku…..??
yang tidak mengukur kerinduan dengan sebuah tongkat yang berkilau
yang tak mampu mengucapkan kedalaman kerinduan
yang merasakan bahwa kekuatan untuk mencintai adalah tanpa batas
aku yang terkurung……..mengambil sayap
tapi tak mampu mengarungi angkasa bebas
betapa sedihnya………
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
tong ceurik jang.................(ngupahan olangan)
Apa salahnya klo kita menangis, jika memang dengan menangis itu kta menjadi sadar. Sadar akan kelemahan-kelemahan diri, saat tiada lagi yang sanggup menolong dari keterpurukan selain Allah Swt. Kesadaran yang membawa manfaat dunia dan akhirat. Bukankah kondisi hati kita tiada pernah stabil (slalu labil)? Selalu berbolak balik menuruti keadaan yang dihadapi. Ketika kita menghadapi kebahagiaan maka hati ini akan gembira dan saat dilanda musibah tidak sedikit orang yang putus asa bahkan berpaling dari kebenaran.
nyesek rasanya hati ini dikala orang tua atau sodara kita pnya keinginan/kebutuhan yng sngat mendesak, tpi diri ini pas dlam keadaan blum bisa membantu mereka. ya Alloh mudahkan dan lancarkan sgala urusanku dan keluargaku, berilah kesabaran dan lapangkanlah hati mereka........
nyesek rasanya hati ini dikala orang tua atau sodara kita pnya keinginan/kebutuhan yng sngat mendesak, tpi diri ini pas dlam keadaan blum bisa membantu mereka. ya Alloh mudahkan dan lancarkan sgala urusanku dan keluargaku, berilah kesabaran dan lapangkanlah hati mereka........
Monday, March 23, 2009
Monday, March 16, 2009
The return of the Kosovo Courts
Trace back the history of the world new. Sunday, 17 February 2008, the entire nation in the world to witness the birth of the first Muslim country in continental Europe called Kosovo. Pejuangan Kosovo Muslim holiday of sheer nan - full airmata blood and eventually the fruit of sovereignty and independence. The world is welcoming the presence of the Muslim countries.
Then how can they drive in Islam in Kosovo are able to survive until now? Historical record, the impression in Kosovo have been found since thousands of years ago. Kosovo ancient community known as Dardania. Sources of the history, Dardania was Kerajaaan stand at the beginning of the 4th century BC.
Greek and Roman historians describe, in the era of community that Kosovo is the hard worker, philanthropist, and a civilization that has been developed. King Longarus, Monunius, Bato and Dardania is a ruler who was leading the nation to war with Macedonia. Kingdom that is often won the battle.
Dardania Kosovo region or arouse so, because rich source of gold. Ancient writings describe the center as Dardania jewelry manufacturer. Not surprisingly, then when that area is always the incaran. Roman empire conquered the area at the end of the century to the SM-1. At the time of Emperor Aleksander Court, Christianity began to spread and the root.
When nations do barbarian invasion of the century to the M-5 to M-8, Dardania is a `Garden 'for the safe development of the Illyrian language and culture - the Roman heritage. Constellation of power in Dardania changed again between the 9th century to 11th century. At that time, dominated Byzamtium Empire taken over the kingdom of Bulgaria, and not long after moving to embrace Byzamtium.
In the year 1190 M, the nation under the authority of Serbian dynasty Nemanjic menginvansi Kosovo and the region is almost two centuries. Serbia over Kosovo powers ended when troops Kingdom Usmani or Ottoman Turkish stretch his wings to the Southeast European region in 1389 M.
The war in Kosovo Polje, the Christian coalition soldiers, including ethnic Albania, Bosnia and Hunggaria led Serbian prince, Lazar Hrebljanovic, not able to repress gempuran work Usmani. Start 1455 M, Usmani Dynasty officially the Kosovo region. The presence of the Kingdom of Usmani Kosovo has brought a new era menjuu.
Along with the fall into the hands of the Kosovo Dynasty Usmani, the ethnic Albanian aside from his land when the Serbian power return to Kosovo. During that time, most people still follow the Christian Albanian. Under the authority of Usmani Turkish, Albanian and Serbian people of Kosovo can live in coexistence. Some of the Serbian authorities in Kosovo shall be given the opportunity to remain in power in Kosovo, but was under the Ottoman Sultan.
Slowly but surely, almost two-thirds Albanian people interested in starting to embrace Islam. Serbian people are also a lot of confidence and made the move as the Islamic religion. However, most of the Serb berkukuh still in the running. Usmani Kingdom Turkey also never forcing the other religions to enter Islam. Serbian Christians and Jews are protected as their 'expert books'. They are as dhimmi. No slaughter the Muslims against the Christians and Jews. At that time, ditegakkan Sharia law in Kosovo earth.
The Christians and Jews still have ownership rights, but are required to pay taxes. End of the 17th century, Serbian a massive left Kosovo, along with the victory after victory achieved by the Kingdom of Usmani. So, the 'center of gravity' of Serbia to move North, that is, Belgrade. Current is known as the great migration.
The success of the Kingdom of Ottoman Turkey conquered Kosovo is a great pencapai. Moreover, the area is rich in mineral resources. Not surprisingly, if Kosovo becomes important asset for the Turkish sultanate. During the Ottoman period, there is incentive for such efforts to promote the Albanian language and culture.
Movement of anti-Usmani start appear in Kosovo in 1689 under the command of Catholic bishops, Pjetr Bogdani. He gathered 20 thousand soldiers to help demolish Austria Turkey. Along with the defeat experienced in the Kingdom of Usmani Russo-Ottoman War in 1878, the Serbian Mitrovica and Pristina in Kosovo.
At 1912, detonate Balkan War I. Albania digempur by coalition soldiers Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. Allied with the ethnic Albanian Kingdom Usmani. However, the strength of the enemies are stronger, so the coalition forces won peerangan Serbia. At that time, the population of Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority fled to the mountains.
Serbian army destroyed the home of the Turkish and Albanian. They kill sack. Kosovo is finally falling back into the hands of Serbia. At the conference the Ambassador in London 1912, England gave to Serbian sovereignty over Kosovo for.
When World War I burst, Kosovo troops occupied Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. Kosovo's ethnic Albanian residents also participate in supporting the troops against Serbia. Albanian language schools opened to erase the influence of Serbia. At 1918, the army Serbian revenge. Slaughter of the Serbian women, children, and destroyed the homes of Kosovo.
A year later, peace was achieved with the new country called Yugoslavia which consisted of Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Boznia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia. At the time, Kosovo back under the wing Serbia. At that time, the population Yugoslavia reach 12 million, 400 thousand of them are ethnic Albanian majority who are Muslims.
Impressions Kingdom Usmani in Kosovo
Usmani Kingdom Turkey so many leave civilization heritage in Kosovo. Unfortunately, so is of historical value were destroyed as a result most bloody conflict in the Balkan region. Serbian army, in addition membunuhi ethnic Albanian citizens in the conflict that occurred in the era-1990s, many also membumihanguskan residual Usmani Kingdom Ottoman Turkey.
Some peningggalan history of the Kingdom of Usmani was built between two other bridges in Gjakova. The second century to bridge legacy F-15 is called ura ura e Terzive and e Tabakeve. Kingdom of the inheritance left by Usmani also so thick from the style of architecture seen in Kosovo.
Residential architecture in the urban century monument to the Kosovo-15 named konak or shtepia. In addition to housing is also known that the form of a stone tower called kulla. Andrew Herscher and Andras Riedlmayer in his writings, entitled Architectural Heritage in Kosovo: A Post-War Report, out for the remainder Usmani also visible from the mosque, tekkes (home of the Sufi tentap small), medreses (religious schools), Islamic libraries, hamams (where the Turkish bath), and the market.
Inheritance''is a legacy of severe damage due to conflict,''said Herscher and Riedlmayer. One of the buildings in Kosovo masji Kingdom Ottoman heritage is Bayrakli Mosque (Masjid Al-Fati). Mosque was built in the 15th century by Sultan Mehmet M al-Fatih. Unfortunately the mosque was destroyed in the Serbian army in June 1999. In 1993, there is a defective unit 607 mosques in Kosovo. Almost 200 units of which destroyed Serbia.
Hate Tersemai seed in the Balkans
After terbentuknya Yugoslavia, seeds of hatred between ethnic Serbian and ethnic Albanian in Kosovo continue to grow as shoot. Both ethnic relations heat up more when the 1921, ethnic Albanian citizens in Kosovo to request the National League to join with Albania in 1921. They become the fact that during 1918 to 1921, Serbia has been slaughter 12 thousand ethnic Albanian. Around 22 thousand people dipenjara Serbia. However, the demand for people to join the Kosovo Albanian digubris not the National League.
When World War II burst, Italy occupied Albania in 1939. Germany over Yugoslavia includes Serbia and Macedonia. At that time, dominated by Kosovo's ethnic Albanian, but the important mining area is still occupied Germany. At that, 100 thousand ethnic Albanian came back to Kosovo and Serbia's ethnic make tersinggkir. Post-World War II, Yugoslavia promise of special autonomy to Kosovo. However, the promise was not evident. At 1946, the Constitution does not guarantee the existence of a special autonomy for Kosovo. In the year 1967, President of Yugoslavia, Josip Bros Tito, for the first time a visit to Kosovo. He urged the leaders of the Kosovo Serbian aside.
Tito policies that generate ethnic nationalism in Kosovo Albani. The number of ethnic Kosovo is growing from 67 percent to 74 percent. In the year 1981, the number of ethnic Albani in Kosovo to be increased 77 percent following a 100-thousand ethnic hengkangnya Serbia. Sepeninggal Tito, ethnic Albanian children, such as chicken lost mother. Movement demands independence of Kosovo and continues to be expressed is ethnic Albanian. First attempt to liberate themselves in 1990 failed, because diserbu Serbia. Contention that is not balanced between Serbia with Kosovo or kla gerilyawan cause this tragedy and slaughter large-scale evacuation.
In the 1998-1999 war, Serbian slaughter of not less than 10 thousand ethnic Albanian who is considered to support the independence of Kosovo. NATO, led by the United States drive out the Serbian air attacks for 78 days.
And Kosovo under UN and NATO protection. Independence of Kosovo is supported by almost one third countries the European Union and the United States. Meanwhile, countries that reject the Serbian and Russian.
Pro and contra Mihrab
Mihrab is an important part, which is always present in the room and Mushala mosque. However, the Muslims do not `one of the words'. There are two opinions about the presence of mihrab in the mosque. The first opinion allowing a second opinion and assess the presence mihrab as bid'ah practices. Both have dalil.Adalah the Hanifiah scholars who support and allow the presence of mihrab. They allow the part in the mosque has a mihrab with, any of its forms. For the sect Hanifiah, mihrab in the form of cavity, a hole not penetrating (misykat) space, or priest, not a problem.
Opinion that the presence of pro mihrab in the mosque, referring to the following hadith: from Wa'il bin Hujr RA said:''I saw the Messenger of Allah SAW rise to the mosque, he is into mihrab. Then he lift his hands while bertakbir. Then put your hands on the right hand on the left chest.''(HR Baihaqi). However, the hadith is considered dhaif by the opinion do not agree with the mihrab in the mosque. Some scholars have another opinion concerning the hadith as the grip that allows a mihrab, because at the time of Prophet SAW there is no mihrab but sutrah. They further interpret the word mihrab in the hadith is the same as the word Mushalla (the prayer), as the term mihrab in the Koran.
Muslims argued the mihrab as bid'ah practices also have proof of grip. Here is haditsnya: From Al-Juhani said, Moses, Prophet SAW said:''My people are always in a good while they do not make in the mosques as they mihrab-mihrabnya Christian people.''(HR. Ibn Abi Shaibah in Al Mushannaf). The mihrab is contra also holds that if there was tribune, the mihrab is not necessary. According to the podium with them enough to be the only direction where the direction of prayer. Hanafiah also the rate used as a reference hadith Muslims that do not allow the presence dhaif the mihrab.
Mihrab: The recession direction
Mihrab. This is the main - if not the most important - which is always present in a mosque architecture. Merriam-Webster defines as a mihrab niche in the project to the room or in the mosque which is the arab's direction. Not only as a way direction, mihrab also works as a priest led the prayers.
Literally, according to the Encyclopedia of Islam publication Ichtiar New Van Hoeve (IBVH), the word mihrab means building high. Some scholars think mihrab as the fight against the devil and carnality. According to them, stems from the word mihrab al-hurba that means war. There are also opinions that, recession or a room in the mosque mihrab is called, because in that place of truth in human can be incused elude the efforts of the busy world. However, Dr Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali and Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, in a matter of definition has a mihrab.
In King Fahd Holy Qur'an printing Complex, Saudi Arabia, both defining the mihrab as a place to pray in a small space or privacy, not a direction or a place to pray especially where the priest led the prayers. In addition to a variety of features, the presence of the interior of the mosque was not seutuhnya disepakti Muslims. There is a permit and there are also prohibits the presence of mihrab in the mosque, because it never examplizeing Prophet SAW.
That is why, as part of the mosque architecture, the presence of mihrab always interesting to be discussed and debated. And how original-muasal mihrab can be part of the interior architecture is very important in the mosque? According to Ibrahim Rafa'at Pasya - one of the Arab thinkers in the 19th century - the existence mihrab is not yet known at the time of Rasulullah SAW. Strengthened the opinion of the history of Islam As-Suyuti in his book I'la bi al-Adib Al Hudusi Bid'ah-Maharib. As-Suyuti states, with the mihrab vaulted roof is not the Prophet SAW. Not only that, in the era of al-Khulafa ar-Rasyidin are not yet known the mihrab.
Explicitly, Al-Qaradhawi states, there is no qauliah Sunna (greeting), amaliah Sunna (the act), and the Sunna taqririyah (approval) of the Prophet SAW on the mihrab. However, the word mihrab, appears five times in the Qur'an - in the form of four single and one in the plural. In a letter Ali `Imran, said the mihrab is mentioned twice, ie, in paragraph 37 and 39, in the letter of Mary, paragraph 11, paragraph letter Sad 21 and paragraph 13 of Saba.
And''Lord, to receive (as an eagle) with a good reception, and mendidiknya with a good education, and God made Zakariya pemeliharanya. Zakariya each entry to meet Mary in the mihrab, it was found in the food side. Zakariya said:''O Mary, from where you get (food) this?''Mary said:''Food is from Allah.''Allah gives sustenance to whom He will without reckoning. (Ali `Imran: 37)
Then the angel (Gabriel) calls Zakariya, when he stood to pray in the middle in the mihrab (saying):''Allah gladden thee with the birth of (a son) Yahya, confirming the (193) (which comes) from Allah, a follow-up, refrain (from carnality), and a descendant of the Prophet, including the righteous.''(Ali 'Imran: 39).
Second paragraph was used as part of Islamic law in the use of the mosque mihrab. In Tafsir Ibn Katsir two volumes mentioned, is the mihrab in paragraph 37 and 39 of Ali Imran is that the place is closed and the use of Mary Zakariya silence for worship, and bermunajat alone to Allah SWT. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, disebutkannya word mihrab five times in the Qur'an shows that the mihrab is well known in the history of the prophets before the prophethood of Muhammad SAW. Islamic law experts from Baghdad, taiyib at-Tabari said, mihrab is a tradition that began in Islam of the Prophet SAW David.
Then, when Muslims began using the mosque mihrab in the interior? Mihrab that innovation is an early Islamic architecture, especially the mosque architecture. Mihrab first color treasury architecture mosque began 88 years Hijriyah or 708 BC. The first time, made in the mihrab of Masjid Nabawi by Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Governor of Medina at the Munawarrah, the kekhalifahan Walid bin Abdul Malik. During the occupation, Umar bin Abdul Aziz (708-711 F) command to re-Masjid Nabawi. Perhaps, in the restoration and expansion project Nawabi Mosque that is the first mihrab was built.
Masjid Nabawi development was completed in 91 years Hijriyah or 711 BC. Made at that time shaped mihrab niche in the wall and serves as a way direction. However, there is also mentioning that the form of a recession is at that time indeed has thooq term, not the mihrab. According to the Arab historian, Al-Maqrizi, mihrab development also takes place during the government of Abu Sufyan bin Mu'awiyah. In fact, at that time, Mu'awiyah regulations have created a building that must have mihrab in the mosque. During the leadership Mu'awiyah, a governor named Qurra 'Bin Syarik ordered pembuatn mihrab in Egypt with a vaulted roof forms.
In its development, The Fatimids in Egypt began to decorate the mihrab tapeworm silver. It is not surprising in the Masjid Al-Azhar, Egypt various ornaments that decorated the value reached five thousand Dirham. During the government Umayyah no mention of the mihrab as important, so that the position be elevated beyond the congregation sembayang. That's different from the mihrab in the mosques Iran. In the land of the Mullah, the mihrab is the position of the congregation is down. Although there are various opinions and forms of mihrab in the world of Islam, mihrab has socio-cultural dimensions, can be the most visually ditonjolkan. Extant mihrab physical media has a role as the values or culture of the individual or the designer or the reflection in the surrounding Muslim community.
Six Mihrab in Masjid Nabawi
Masjid Nabawi Prophet SAW was built around 622 M, after his Hijrah from Makkah. The mosque which is located in the city of Medina is one of the main mosque for the Muslims after the Masjidil Haram in Mecca and Masjidil Aqsa in Jerusalem. At the mosque there is also the tomb of Rasulullah SAW and the sabahatnya.
Initially, Masjd Nabawi measuring only 30 x 35 meters. However, in the year 708 M, the Governor of Medina, Umar bin Abdul Aziz mosque building was expanded. At that time also, mihrab start to be built and that is not integral part of Masjid Nabawi. In its development, there are currently six mihrab in the mosque of the Messenger.
Mihrab first that is, the mihrab of the Prophet SAW that are located in the Raudah between the pulpit and the Prophet. The second is the mihrab Usmani. Third, the mihrab now Hanafi mihrab Sulaimani built Togan sheik sesuadah year 860 H. Mihrab this dihiasai black and white marble by Solomon I of the Kingdom of the Ottoman H. 938 Fourth, mihrab Tahajud located behind the former room Fatimah Az-Zahra. Fifth, Fatimah mihrab, which is the mihrab tahajud. Sixth is the mihrab tarawih, which is often used when the imam of Masjid Medina led the prayer.
Then how can they drive in Islam in Kosovo are able to survive until now? Historical record, the impression in Kosovo have been found since thousands of years ago. Kosovo ancient community known as Dardania. Sources of the history, Dardania was Kerajaaan stand at the beginning of the 4th century BC.
Greek and Roman historians describe, in the era of community that Kosovo is the hard worker, philanthropist, and a civilization that has been developed. King Longarus, Monunius, Bato and Dardania is a ruler who was leading the nation to war with Macedonia. Kingdom that is often won the battle.
Dardania Kosovo region or arouse so, because rich source of gold. Ancient writings describe the center as Dardania jewelry manufacturer. Not surprisingly, then when that area is always the incaran. Roman empire conquered the area at the end of the century to the SM-1. At the time of Emperor Aleksander Court, Christianity began to spread and the root.
When nations do barbarian invasion of the century to the M-5 to M-8, Dardania is a `Garden 'for the safe development of the Illyrian language and culture - the Roman heritage. Constellation of power in Dardania changed again between the 9th century to 11th century. At that time, dominated Byzamtium Empire taken over the kingdom of Bulgaria, and not long after moving to embrace Byzamtium.
In the year 1190 M, the nation under the authority of Serbian dynasty Nemanjic menginvansi Kosovo and the region is almost two centuries. Serbia over Kosovo powers ended when troops Kingdom Usmani or Ottoman Turkish stretch his wings to the Southeast European region in 1389 M.
The war in Kosovo Polje, the Christian coalition soldiers, including ethnic Albania, Bosnia and Hunggaria led Serbian prince, Lazar Hrebljanovic, not able to repress gempuran work Usmani. Start 1455 M, Usmani Dynasty officially the Kosovo region. The presence of the Kingdom of Usmani Kosovo has brought a new era menjuu.
Along with the fall into the hands of the Kosovo Dynasty Usmani, the ethnic Albanian aside from his land when the Serbian power return to Kosovo. During that time, most people still follow the Christian Albanian. Under the authority of Usmani Turkish, Albanian and Serbian people of Kosovo can live in coexistence. Some of the Serbian authorities in Kosovo shall be given the opportunity to remain in power in Kosovo, but was under the Ottoman Sultan.
Slowly but surely, almost two-thirds Albanian people interested in starting to embrace Islam. Serbian people are also a lot of confidence and made the move as the Islamic religion. However, most of the Serb berkukuh still in the running. Usmani Kingdom Turkey also never forcing the other religions to enter Islam. Serbian Christians and Jews are protected as their 'expert books'. They are as dhimmi. No slaughter the Muslims against the Christians and Jews. At that time, ditegakkan Sharia law in Kosovo earth.
The Christians and Jews still have ownership rights, but are required to pay taxes. End of the 17th century, Serbian a massive left Kosovo, along with the victory after victory achieved by the Kingdom of Usmani. So, the 'center of gravity' of Serbia to move North, that is, Belgrade. Current is known as the great migration.
The success of the Kingdom of Ottoman Turkey conquered Kosovo is a great pencapai. Moreover, the area is rich in mineral resources. Not surprisingly, if Kosovo becomes important asset for the Turkish sultanate. During the Ottoman period, there is incentive for such efforts to promote the Albanian language and culture.
Movement of anti-Usmani start appear in Kosovo in 1689 under the command of Catholic bishops, Pjetr Bogdani. He gathered 20 thousand soldiers to help demolish Austria Turkey. Along with the defeat experienced in the Kingdom of Usmani Russo-Ottoman War in 1878, the Serbian Mitrovica and Pristina in Kosovo.
At 1912, detonate Balkan War I. Albania digempur by coalition soldiers Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. Allied with the ethnic Albanian Kingdom Usmani. However, the strength of the enemies are stronger, so the coalition forces won peerangan Serbia. At that time, the population of Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority fled to the mountains.
Serbian army destroyed the home of the Turkish and Albanian. They kill sack. Kosovo is finally falling back into the hands of Serbia. At the conference the Ambassador in London 1912, England gave to Serbian sovereignty over Kosovo for.
When World War I burst, Kosovo troops occupied Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. Kosovo's ethnic Albanian residents also participate in supporting the troops against Serbia. Albanian language schools opened to erase the influence of Serbia. At 1918, the army Serbian revenge. Slaughter of the Serbian women, children, and destroyed the homes of Kosovo.
A year later, peace was achieved with the new country called Yugoslavia which consisted of Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Boznia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia. At the time, Kosovo back under the wing Serbia. At that time, the population Yugoslavia reach 12 million, 400 thousand of them are ethnic Albanian majority who are Muslims.
Impressions Kingdom Usmani in Kosovo
Usmani Kingdom Turkey so many leave civilization heritage in Kosovo. Unfortunately, so is of historical value were destroyed as a result most bloody conflict in the Balkan region. Serbian army, in addition membunuhi ethnic Albanian citizens in the conflict that occurred in the era-1990s, many also membumihanguskan residual Usmani Kingdom Ottoman Turkey.
Some peningggalan history of the Kingdom of Usmani was built between two other bridges in Gjakova. The second century to bridge legacy F-15 is called ura ura e Terzive and e Tabakeve. Kingdom of the inheritance left by Usmani also so thick from the style of architecture seen in Kosovo.
Residential architecture in the urban century monument to the Kosovo-15 named konak or shtepia. In addition to housing is also known that the form of a stone tower called kulla. Andrew Herscher and Andras Riedlmayer in his writings, entitled Architectural Heritage in Kosovo: A Post-War Report, out for the remainder Usmani also visible from the mosque, tekkes (home of the Sufi tentap small), medreses (religious schools), Islamic libraries, hamams (where the Turkish bath), and the market.
Inheritance''is a legacy of severe damage due to conflict,''said Herscher and Riedlmayer. One of the buildings in Kosovo masji Kingdom Ottoman heritage is Bayrakli Mosque (Masjid Al-Fati). Mosque was built in the 15th century by Sultan Mehmet M al-Fatih. Unfortunately the mosque was destroyed in the Serbian army in June 1999. In 1993, there is a defective unit 607 mosques in Kosovo. Almost 200 units of which destroyed Serbia.
Hate Tersemai seed in the Balkans
After terbentuknya Yugoslavia, seeds of hatred between ethnic Serbian and ethnic Albanian in Kosovo continue to grow as shoot. Both ethnic relations heat up more when the 1921, ethnic Albanian citizens in Kosovo to request the National League to join with Albania in 1921. They become the fact that during 1918 to 1921, Serbia has been slaughter 12 thousand ethnic Albanian. Around 22 thousand people dipenjara Serbia. However, the demand for people to join the Kosovo Albanian digubris not the National League.
When World War II burst, Italy occupied Albania in 1939. Germany over Yugoslavia includes Serbia and Macedonia. At that time, dominated by Kosovo's ethnic Albanian, but the important mining area is still occupied Germany. At that, 100 thousand ethnic Albanian came back to Kosovo and Serbia's ethnic make tersinggkir. Post-World War II, Yugoslavia promise of special autonomy to Kosovo. However, the promise was not evident. At 1946, the Constitution does not guarantee the existence of a special autonomy for Kosovo. In the year 1967, President of Yugoslavia, Josip Bros Tito, for the first time a visit to Kosovo. He urged the leaders of the Kosovo Serbian aside.
Tito policies that generate ethnic nationalism in Kosovo Albani. The number of ethnic Kosovo is growing from 67 percent to 74 percent. In the year 1981, the number of ethnic Albani in Kosovo to be increased 77 percent following a 100-thousand ethnic hengkangnya Serbia. Sepeninggal Tito, ethnic Albanian children, such as chicken lost mother. Movement demands independence of Kosovo and continues to be expressed is ethnic Albanian. First attempt to liberate themselves in 1990 failed, because diserbu Serbia. Contention that is not balanced between Serbia with Kosovo or kla gerilyawan cause this tragedy and slaughter large-scale evacuation.
In the 1998-1999 war, Serbian slaughter of not less than 10 thousand ethnic Albanian who is considered to support the independence of Kosovo. NATO, led by the United States drive out the Serbian air attacks for 78 days.
And Kosovo under UN and NATO protection. Independence of Kosovo is supported by almost one third countries the European Union and the United States. Meanwhile, countries that reject the Serbian and Russian.
Pro and contra Mihrab
Mihrab is an important part, which is always present in the room and Mushala mosque. However, the Muslims do not `one of the words'. There are two opinions about the presence of mihrab in the mosque. The first opinion allowing a second opinion and assess the presence mihrab as bid'ah practices. Both have dalil.Adalah the Hanifiah scholars who support and allow the presence of mihrab. They allow the part in the mosque has a mihrab with, any of its forms. For the sect Hanifiah, mihrab in the form of cavity, a hole not penetrating (misykat) space, or priest, not a problem.
Opinion that the presence of pro mihrab in the mosque, referring to the following hadith: from Wa'il bin Hujr RA said:''I saw the Messenger of Allah SAW rise to the mosque, he is into mihrab. Then he lift his hands while bertakbir. Then put your hands on the right hand on the left chest.''(HR Baihaqi). However, the hadith is considered dhaif by the opinion do not agree with the mihrab in the mosque. Some scholars have another opinion concerning the hadith as the grip that allows a mihrab, because at the time of Prophet SAW there is no mihrab but sutrah. They further interpret the word mihrab in the hadith is the same as the word Mushalla (the prayer), as the term mihrab in the Koran.
Muslims argued the mihrab as bid'ah practices also have proof of grip. Here is haditsnya: From Al-Juhani said, Moses, Prophet SAW said:''My people are always in a good while they do not make in the mosques as they mihrab-mihrabnya Christian people.''(HR. Ibn Abi Shaibah in Al Mushannaf). The mihrab is contra also holds that if there was tribune, the mihrab is not necessary. According to the podium with them enough to be the only direction where the direction of prayer. Hanafiah also the rate used as a reference hadith Muslims that do not allow the presence dhaif the mihrab.
Mihrab: The recession direction
Mihrab. This is the main - if not the most important - which is always present in a mosque architecture. Merriam-Webster defines as a mihrab niche in the project to the room or in the mosque which is the arab's direction. Not only as a way direction, mihrab also works as a priest led the prayers.
Literally, according to the Encyclopedia of Islam publication Ichtiar New Van Hoeve (IBVH), the word mihrab means building high. Some scholars think mihrab as the fight against the devil and carnality. According to them, stems from the word mihrab al-hurba that means war. There are also opinions that, recession or a room in the mosque mihrab is called, because in that place of truth in human can be incused elude the efforts of the busy world. However, Dr Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali and Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, in a matter of definition has a mihrab.
In King Fahd Holy Qur'an printing Complex, Saudi Arabia, both defining the mihrab as a place to pray in a small space or privacy, not a direction or a place to pray especially where the priest led the prayers. In addition to a variety of features, the presence of the interior of the mosque was not seutuhnya disepakti Muslims. There is a permit and there are also prohibits the presence of mihrab in the mosque, because it never examplizeing Prophet SAW.
That is why, as part of the mosque architecture, the presence of mihrab always interesting to be discussed and debated. And how original-muasal mihrab can be part of the interior architecture is very important in the mosque? According to Ibrahim Rafa'at Pasya - one of the Arab thinkers in the 19th century - the existence mihrab is not yet known at the time of Rasulullah SAW. Strengthened the opinion of the history of Islam As-Suyuti in his book I'la bi al-Adib Al Hudusi Bid'ah-Maharib. As-Suyuti states, with the mihrab vaulted roof is not the Prophet SAW. Not only that, in the era of al-Khulafa ar-Rasyidin are not yet known the mihrab.
Explicitly, Al-Qaradhawi states, there is no qauliah Sunna (greeting), amaliah Sunna (the act), and the Sunna taqririyah (approval) of the Prophet SAW on the mihrab. However, the word mihrab, appears five times in the Qur'an - in the form of four single and one in the plural. In a letter Ali `Imran, said the mihrab is mentioned twice, ie, in paragraph 37 and 39, in the letter of Mary, paragraph 11, paragraph letter Sad 21 and paragraph 13 of Saba.
And''Lord, to receive (as an eagle) with a good reception, and mendidiknya with a good education, and God made Zakariya pemeliharanya. Zakariya each entry to meet Mary in the mihrab, it was found in the food side. Zakariya said:''O Mary, from where you get (food) this?''Mary said:''Food is from Allah.''Allah gives sustenance to whom He will without reckoning. (Ali `Imran: 37)
Then the angel (Gabriel) calls Zakariya, when he stood to pray in the middle in the mihrab (saying):''Allah gladden thee with the birth of (a son) Yahya, confirming the (193) (which comes) from Allah, a follow-up, refrain (from carnality), and a descendant of the Prophet, including the righteous.''(Ali 'Imran: 39).
Second paragraph was used as part of Islamic law in the use of the mosque mihrab. In Tafsir Ibn Katsir two volumes mentioned, is the mihrab in paragraph 37 and 39 of Ali Imran is that the place is closed and the use of Mary Zakariya silence for worship, and bermunajat alone to Allah SWT. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, disebutkannya word mihrab five times in the Qur'an shows that the mihrab is well known in the history of the prophets before the prophethood of Muhammad SAW. Islamic law experts from Baghdad, taiyib at-Tabari said, mihrab is a tradition that began in Islam of the Prophet SAW David.
Then, when Muslims began using the mosque mihrab in the interior? Mihrab that innovation is an early Islamic architecture, especially the mosque architecture. Mihrab first color treasury architecture mosque began 88 years Hijriyah or 708 BC. The first time, made in the mihrab of Masjid Nabawi by Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Governor of Medina at the Munawarrah, the kekhalifahan Walid bin Abdul Malik. During the occupation, Umar bin Abdul Aziz (708-711 F) command to re-Masjid Nabawi. Perhaps, in the restoration and expansion project Nawabi Mosque that is the first mihrab was built.
Masjid Nabawi development was completed in 91 years Hijriyah or 711 BC. Made at that time shaped mihrab niche in the wall and serves as a way direction. However, there is also mentioning that the form of a recession is at that time indeed has thooq term, not the mihrab. According to the Arab historian, Al-Maqrizi, mihrab development also takes place during the government of Abu Sufyan bin Mu'awiyah. In fact, at that time, Mu'awiyah regulations have created a building that must have mihrab in the mosque. During the leadership Mu'awiyah, a governor named Qurra 'Bin Syarik ordered pembuatn mihrab in Egypt with a vaulted roof forms.
In its development, The Fatimids in Egypt began to decorate the mihrab tapeworm silver. It is not surprising in the Masjid Al-Azhar, Egypt various ornaments that decorated the value reached five thousand Dirham. During the government Umayyah no mention of the mihrab as important, so that the position be elevated beyond the congregation sembayang. That's different from the mihrab in the mosques Iran. In the land of the Mullah, the mihrab is the position of the congregation is down. Although there are various opinions and forms of mihrab in the world of Islam, mihrab has socio-cultural dimensions, can be the most visually ditonjolkan. Extant mihrab physical media has a role as the values or culture of the individual or the designer or the reflection in the surrounding Muslim community.
Six Mihrab in Masjid Nabawi
Masjid Nabawi Prophet SAW was built around 622 M, after his Hijrah from Makkah. The mosque which is located in the city of Medina is one of the main mosque for the Muslims after the Masjidil Haram in Mecca and Masjidil Aqsa in Jerusalem. At the mosque there is also the tomb of Rasulullah SAW and the sabahatnya.
Initially, Masjd Nabawi measuring only 30 x 35 meters. However, in the year 708 M, the Governor of Medina, Umar bin Abdul Aziz mosque building was expanded. At that time also, mihrab start to be built and that is not integral part of Masjid Nabawi. In its development, there are currently six mihrab in the mosque of the Messenger.
Mihrab first that is, the mihrab of the Prophet SAW that are located in the Raudah between the pulpit and the Prophet. The second is the mihrab Usmani. Third, the mihrab now Hanafi mihrab Sulaimani built Togan sheik sesuadah year 860 H. Mihrab this dihiasai black and white marble by Solomon I of the Kingdom of the Ottoman H. 938 Fourth, mihrab Tahajud located behind the former room Fatimah Az-Zahra. Fifth, Fatimah mihrab, which is the mihrab tahajud. Sixth is the mihrab tarawih, which is often used when the imam of Masjid Medina led the prayer.
Halal bilhalal
Halal bilhalal adalah istilah yang tersusun dari tiga kata berbahasa Arab, halal- bi- halal. Jika kata halal diartikan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan boleh maka halal bilhalal secara harfiah berarti boleh dengan boleh. Istilah halal bilhalal sendiri tidak dikenal dalam khazanah bahasa Arab bahkan tidak diajarkan oleh Rasulullah SAW, para sahabat dan generasi salafus shaleh.
Istilah dan tradisi halal bilhalal, menurut Ensiklopedi Islam, adalah asli Indonesia yang tidak diketahui siapa pencetusnya. Halal bilhalal mulai diselenggarakan dalam bentuk upacara sekitar akhir tahun 1940-an dan mulai berkembang luas setelah tahun 1950.
Kegiatan halal bilhalal sebenarnya tidak berbeda dengan silaturahim. Yang membedakan, di dalam halal bilhalal ada kewajiban untuk saling maaf-memaafkan dan bersalaman dalam sebuah acara yang khusus diselenggarakan untuk itu. Ini sesuai dengan Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia yang memberikan definisi halal bilhalal sebagai Hal maaf-memaafkan setelah menunaikan ibadah Ramadhan, biasanya dadakan di sebuah tempat (auditorium, aula, dsb) oleh sekelompok orang.
Kini, halal bilhalal telah menjadi ritual yang sepertinya menjadi keharusan pascalebaran. Acara ini dilakukan mulai dari instansi-instansi swasta dan pemerintah, organisasi, hingga lingkungan rukun tetangga. Di ibukota, aktivitas hari pertama masuk kantor umumnya adalah halal bilhalal antara pimpinan dan karyawan, antara atasan dan bawahan. Ormas-ormas ke daerahan di ibukota juga menjadikan halal bilhalal sebagai agenda wajib di bulan Syawal.
Jika halal bilhalal diselenggarakan sebagai kegiatan silaturahim, tentu banyak manfaat dan pahala yang akan diperoleh. Rasulullah SAW menyatakan bahwa dengan bersilaturahmi maka para pelakunya akan dimurahkan jalan-jalan rezekinya dan dipanjangkan umurnya. Dalam praktiknya, biasanya inisiator, penyelenggara sekaligus sponsor penyelenggaraan halal bi halal berasal dari strata atas, kelompok elite, pimpinan kelompok, pimpinan sebuah instansi atau tokoh yang merasa banyak membuat kesalahan kepada bawahan atau pendukungnya. Halal bi halal juga dijadikan ajang untuk rekonsiliasi sehingga keharmonisan hubungan atas-bawah dan elite-masyarakat tetap terjaga bahkan diharapkan meningkat begitu pula kepentingan-kepentingan yang menempel di dalamnya. Hal ini, dalam batas-batas tertentu tentu merupakan sesuatu yang positif karena menjaga keharmonisan akan berdampak kepada kemashlahatan bawahan atau masyarakat luas.
Istilah dan tradisi halal bilhalal, menurut Ensiklopedi Islam, adalah asli Indonesia yang tidak diketahui siapa pencetusnya. Halal bilhalal mulai diselenggarakan dalam bentuk upacara sekitar akhir tahun 1940-an dan mulai berkembang luas setelah tahun 1950.
Kegiatan halal bilhalal sebenarnya tidak berbeda dengan silaturahim. Yang membedakan, di dalam halal bilhalal ada kewajiban untuk saling maaf-memaafkan dan bersalaman dalam sebuah acara yang khusus diselenggarakan untuk itu. Ini sesuai dengan Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia yang memberikan definisi halal bilhalal sebagai Hal maaf-memaafkan setelah menunaikan ibadah Ramadhan, biasanya dadakan di sebuah tempat (auditorium, aula, dsb) oleh sekelompok orang.
Kini, halal bilhalal telah menjadi ritual yang sepertinya menjadi keharusan pascalebaran. Acara ini dilakukan mulai dari instansi-instansi swasta dan pemerintah, organisasi, hingga lingkungan rukun tetangga. Di ibukota, aktivitas hari pertama masuk kantor umumnya adalah halal bilhalal antara pimpinan dan karyawan, antara atasan dan bawahan. Ormas-ormas ke daerahan di ibukota juga menjadikan halal bilhalal sebagai agenda wajib di bulan Syawal.
Jika halal bilhalal diselenggarakan sebagai kegiatan silaturahim, tentu banyak manfaat dan pahala yang akan diperoleh. Rasulullah SAW menyatakan bahwa dengan bersilaturahmi maka para pelakunya akan dimurahkan jalan-jalan rezekinya dan dipanjangkan umurnya. Dalam praktiknya, biasanya inisiator, penyelenggara sekaligus sponsor penyelenggaraan halal bi halal berasal dari strata atas, kelompok elite, pimpinan kelompok, pimpinan sebuah instansi atau tokoh yang merasa banyak membuat kesalahan kepada bawahan atau pendukungnya. Halal bi halal juga dijadikan ajang untuk rekonsiliasi sehingga keharmonisan hubungan atas-bawah dan elite-masyarakat tetap terjaga bahkan diharapkan meningkat begitu pula kepentingan-kepentingan yang menempel di dalamnya. Hal ini, dalam batas-batas tertentu tentu merupakan sesuatu yang positif karena menjaga keharmonisan akan berdampak kepada kemashlahatan bawahan atau masyarakat luas.
Friday, January 23, 2009
Kotoran Ikan Sehatkan Lautan
Kotoran Ikan Sehatkan Lautan
Hewan apa yang paling banyak hidup dilautan? Jawabanya tentu ikan. Menurut para ilmuan, ternyata ikan pula yang menentukan baik tidaknya kualitas air laut, Kotoran ikan ternyata dapat mengendalikan siklus karbon di air laut sehingga tahan terhadap perubahan iklim. Populasi ikan menghasilkan kotoran yang mengandung karbon anorganik kalsium karbonat dalam kadar tinggi untuk mengendalikan keasaman air laut. Selain mengendalikan keasaman, kalsium karbonat yang berwujud seperti kapur juga barguna untuk mendukung ekosistem laut dan pembentukan terumbu karang. “senyawa tersebut membantu pengendalian jumlah karbon dioksida yang diserap lautan dari atmosfer pada masa depan, ”ujar Villy Christensen dari University British Columbia yang melaporkan penelitiannya dalam jurnal Science teranyar seperti dilansir Routers. Selama ini, sumber kalsium karbonat hanya diketahui berasal dari organisme renik plankton. Namun , ternyata kotoran ikan menyumbang 3-15 persen kalsium karbonat di laut atau sekitar 110 juta ton per tahun. Itu pun baru populasi bony fish, sekelompok ikan yang tubuhnya bertulang keras. Bony fish mewakili 90 persen populasi ikan di samudra. Hiu dan pari tidak masuk kelompok ini. “populasi bony fish yang diperkirakan antara 812 juta hingga 2 miliar ekor menekan dampak perubahan iklim melalui siklus karbonnya,” ujar Christensen. Karena dampak perubahan ini terus meningkat, peranan ikan akan semakin besar dalam mengendalikan siklus kimia lautan dimasa depan. (Routers/jam)
By
Krisma Jhony
أسماك المحيط صحية البراز
الحيوانات التي تعيش في معظم البحر؟ الجواب "الأسماك". وفقا ل العلماء ، وكذلك الأسماك وتحديد وجود أو عدم وجودة مياه البحر والمجاري والأسماك التي يمكن السيطرة على دورة الكربون في مياه البحر وذلك على مقاومة تغير المناخ. السكان من الأسماك التي تحتوي على الكالسيوم البراز الكربونية غير العضوية الكربون في وجود درجة عالية من المياه للسيطرة على حموضة البحار. بالإضافة إلى السيطرة على حامض ، الكالسيوم ، مثل شكل الكربونية الجير بارجونا أيضا لدعم النظام البيئي البحري وتكوين الشعب المرجانية. "مجمع يساعد على التحكم في كمية ثاني أكسيد الكربون الممتص من الغلاف الجوي للمحيطات في المستقبل" ، وقال فلى كريستنسن من جامعة كولومبيا البريطانية أفادت البحوث في مجلة العلوم آخر كما واستشهد المسارات. خلال ذلك ، فإن المصدر الوحيد للكالسيوم الكربونية التي يمكن أن تستمد من العوالق كائنات. ومع ذلك ، تسهم في البراز الأسماك 3-15 ٪ الكربونية الكالسيوم في البحر أو حوالي 110 مليون طن في السنة. هذا هو جديد من السكان عظمي الأسماك ، ومجموعة من الاسماك عظمي من الصعب أن الهيئة. عظمي الأسماك ما يمثل 90 في المئة من السكان من الأسماك في المحيط. القرش وشعاع لا تدخل في هذه المجموعة. "هزيل الأسماك السكان يقدر بما بين 812 مليون دولار الى 2 مليار الذيل الملحة أثر تغير المناخ من خلال دورة الكربون " ، وقال كريستنسن. لأن أثر هذا التغيير في تزايد مستمر ، وسيكون دور اكبر للأسماك في البحر الكيميائية دورات في المستقبل. )المسارات/ساعة(
بواسطة
(كرسم جهونى)
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